Federal Reserve's Interest Rate Control System (Gawo Loyamba)

M'misika yazachuma padziko lonse lapansi, FederalReserveDongosolo lowongolera chiwongola dzanja lakhala lofunikira kwambiri. Kuti timvetsetse bwino dongosololi, ndikofunikira kuti tisamangoyang'ana njira zomwe zimagwirira ntchito pano komanso kuwunikanso momwe mbiri yake idasinthira. Gawo loyamba la nkhaniyi lifufuza ndondomeko ya chiwongoladzanja cha Federal Reserve chiwongoladzanja cha chiwongoladzanja chisanafike vuto lazachuma la 2008, ndikuyika maziko a kusanthula kotsatira.

Chidule cha Chiwongola dzanja cha Corridor System

Mavuto azachuma a 2008 asanayambe, mabanki apakati m'mayiko otukuka, makamaka ku Ulaya ndi United States, ankakonda kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya chiwongoladzanja kuti athe kuwongolera mitengo ya msika. Chofunika kwambiri cha makinawa ndikukhazikitsa malire apamwamba ndi otsika a chiwongoladzanja, kuwonetsetsa kuti mitengo ya msika imasinthasintha pakati pa izi. Dongosolo la chiwongola dzanja silimangokhazikika pakuyembekeza kwa msika komanso kumawonjezeraIZIkuwonekera poyera ndi kulosera za ndondomeko ya ndalama, potero kumawonjezera mphamvu zake.

Kuwunika Mwatsatanetsatane kwa Federal Reserve's Interest Rate Control System (Gawo Loyamba)

Makamaka, malire apamwamba a chiwongoladzanja nthawi zambiri amatsimikiziridwa ndi mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri womwe mabanki apakati amabwereketsa mabanki, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawonetsa mtengo wobwereka mabanki kuchokera kubanki yayikulu. Malire otsika amatsimikiziridwa ndi chiwongola dzanja chomwe banki yapakati imalipira pazosungidwa zomwe zasungidwa ndi mabanki. Mitengo iwiriyi imapanga momwe chiwongoladzanja cha msika chimasinthasintha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti mitengo ya msika ipitirire nthawiyi.

Potengera chitsanzo cha European Central Bank (ECB), njira yake yoyendetsera chiwongola dzanja imakhala yodziwika bwino, ndipo malire apamwamba ndi omwe amabwereketsa pang'onopang'ono ndipo malire otsika amakhala chiwongola dzanja. Pamene mitengo yamsika ikuyandikira malire apamwamba, mabanki amakonda kubwereka kubanki yayikulu; kumbali ina, pamene mitengo yamsika ikuyandikira malire otsika, mabanki amakonda kuyika ndalama zawo ku banki yayikulu. Dongosololi limapangitsa kuti mitengo yamisika ikhale yosasunthika, ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mabanki apakati.

The Federal Reserve's Interest Rate Control System Isanafike 2008

Mavuto azachuma a 2008 asanachitike, ndalama za federal zinali chida chachikulu chomwe Federal Reserve idagwiritsa ntchito kuwongolera msika. Mtengo wa ndalama za federal umasonyeza mtengo wa kubwereka usiku pakati pa mabanki ndipo ndi chizindikiro chofunikira cha interbank liquidity. Posintha mlingo uwu, Federal Reserve ikhoza kukhudza ndalama zothandizira mabanki, zomwe zingakhudze mwachindunji zochitika zachuma monga kugwiritsa ntchito,ndalama, ndi kukula kwachuma.

Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti dongosolo la chiwongola dzanja la Federal Reserve panthawiyo linali ndi mikhalidwe yapadera poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena. Chiwongoladzanja chapamwamba chinali chiwongoladzanja chawindo, chomwe ndi mlingo umene Federal Reserve imabwereketsa mabanki. Komabe, mosiyana ndi ndondomeko ya chiwongoladzanja cha chiwongoladzanja, Federal Reserve sinakhazikitse malire otsika chifukwa sanapereke chiwongoladzanja pamabanki. Izi zikutanthauza kuti malire otsika anali pafupi ndi ziro.

Ngakhale izi, Federal Reserve idakwanitsabe kuwongolera mitengo yamsika kudzera m'misika yotseguka, yomwe ndi kugula ndi kugulitsa zitetezo za boma, kuwonetsetsa kuti mitengo yamsika imasinthasintha mozungulira ndalama za federal. Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa msika wotseguka kunali pamlingo wocheperako wamabanki omwe anali ku Federal Reserve panthawiyo, zomwe zimapangitsa mabanki kukhala ndi mwayi wotembenukira ku Federal Reserve panthawi yamavuto amisala, potero kuwonetsetsa kuti chiwongola dzanja chapamwamba chikuyenda bwino.

Zosintha Pambuyo pa Mavuto azachuma a 2008

Mavuto azachuma a 2008 adakhudza kwambiri kayendetsedwe kazachuma padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zidapangitsa kusintha kwakukulu mu dongosolo lowongolera chiwongola dzanja cha Federal Reserve. Pofuna kuthana ndi vutoli, bungwe la Federal Reserve silinangogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zazikulu zochepetsera kuchuluka kwa ndalama komanso kubweretsa chidwi pazakudya zochulukirapo (IOER). Chida chatsopanochi chinasintha chikhalidwe ndi kukula kwa nkhokwe zomwe mabanki a Federal Reserve akugwira.

Mavuto azachuma asanachitike, nkhokwe zamabanki ku Federal Reserve zinali pafupifupi $10 biliyoni, koma koyambirira kwa 2009, sikeloyi idakwera mpaka $800 biliyoni. Ngakhale zaka ziwiri kuchokera pamene Federal Reserve idayamba kukweza chiwongola dzanja ndikuchepetsa ndalama zake, ndalama zosungirako zidakhalabe zokwera $3 thililiyoni. Kusintha kumeneku sikunangowonjezera mphamvu ya Federal Reserve kulamulira mitengo ya msika komanso kunasintha kwambiri njira zake zogwirira ntchito.

Poyambitsa IOER, Federal Reserve ikhoza kuwongolera bwino mitengo yamsika popanda kugulitsa msika pafupipafupi. Dongosolo latsopanoli la chiwongola dzanja likuphatikizanso kuchotsera pazenera ngati malire apamwamba komanso IOER ngati malire otsika, ndikupanga chiwongola dzanja chokhazikika.

Mapeto

Mwachidule, dongosolo la chiwongola dzanja cha Federal Reserve chisanafike vuto lazachuma la 2008, ngakhale linali losavuta, linali lothandiza kwambiri pamsika wanthawiyo. Ndi kufalikira kwa mavuto azachuma, Federal Reserve idakakamizika kusintha zida zake zogwirira ntchito, ndikuyambitsa zida zatsopano za chiwongola dzanja kuti athe kuthana ndi msika womwe ukusintha nthawi zonse. Kumvetsetsa kusinthika kwadongosolo lino sikungotithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino mfundo zandalama za Federal Reserve komanso kumapereka maumboni ofunikira powunikira njira zamtsogolo zachuma.